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WHRC: From the Archives

Family Connections (Part 1)

By: Joanna Church, Women’s History and Resource Center Librarian

The theme of FAMILY runs strongly through the General Federation of Women’s Clubs collections. Our members often call each other “sisters in Federation,” but sometimes they are sisters in literal truth. Mothers and daughters (and granddaughters), sisters, cousins, in-laws… whether together in one club or members of clubs across the world, they are united by Federation, if not necessarily by geography.

GFWC has always loved to discover* and share those stories so, as the winter holidays approach and many of our members gather with their loved ones, let’s take a look at just a few of the family connections that can be made in the WHRC collections.

*Read to the end to learn about how to share your own GFWC family story with us now!

In 1928, no less than three publications were delighted to share the power of club membership as personified by the Van Riper family: four generations, from 78 year old Sarah Van Riper to her 12 year old great-granddaughter Martha Hickey, who all belonged to the Oneira Club of San Diego County. The San Francisco Examiner published the brief article shown at left in February that year, and the photograph at right appeared in both the California Clubwoman magazine and General Federation News later that spring. 

Image: from WHRC collection, MAG 1928.04

Over fifty years later, Clubwoman magazine celebrated another multi-generational club tradition, this time in South Dakota. “A family heritage of GFWC South Dakota service is represented as Amy Keezer – age 5 ½ years – proudly views a picture of her great-grandmother Helen Bates, who was a charter member of the Onida, SD Study Club in 1924 and active in other South Dakota clubs for many years after. Amy’s grandmother, Betty Larrington (seated), has been a member of the Gettysburg Women’s Literary Club of South Dakota since 1947, and in 1979 was named ‘Outstanding Clubwoman of South Dakota.’ Amy’s mother, Helen Larrington Keezer (standing), is president of the GFWC Hecla Federated Study Club. No doubt Amy will carry on her foremothers’ illustrious history of volunteer service in the GFWC.”

Image: WHRC collection, MAG 1980.12

The rosters of many clubs in rural communities were (and are) filled with close-knit families. This photo from the September 1931 issue of The Clubwoman shows members of the newly-formed Chippewa Woman’s Club of Cass Lake, Minnesota, many of whom lived in or had ties to the White Earth Reservation. The meeting shown here was held at the home of Jane Whitefisher Manypenny (1856-1933), a leader in the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) community, who translated the English portions of the meeting for those members who needed it. This photo showcases an array of family connections including: Jane Manypenny, her daughter Angeline Burnett, and her daughter Anna Command; Maggie Thompson and two of her daughters, Irene Tippetts and Elizabeth Broker; and sisters Jane Broker and Nellie Fairbanks, plus Jane’s daughter Madeline Kamppi. (As a bonus, the guests from the Minnesota Federation, Mrs. and Miss Bayliss, were themselves a mother-daughter team.)

Image: WHRC collection, MAG 1931.09

Mother-daughter duos are a long tradition in GFWC, starting as early as the 1890s when both Julia Ward Howe (President of Massachusetts State Federation) and her daughter Florence Howe Hall (Vice President of the New Jersey Federation) served as Federation leaders. Examples from more recent years include Helen Ryan and her daughter Mary Ellen Brock, who both served terms as President of the Bloomfield Junior Club (NJ). In 1997, Mary Ellen – who went on to serve as GFWC International President (2018-2020) – spoke with her mother for the WHRC oral history collection, and their close relationship led to an entertaining (and informative) interview.

Image: WHRC collection, excerpt from OH 0143

We could go on and on – and in fact in 2012, many more stories of GFWC family traditions were shared in Clubwoman magazine (you can read the article here). Help us grow that collection! Do you have a story to tell? We’d love to hear it. Share it in the comments, or reach out to us at whrc@gfwc.org! And tune back in to this blog next month for Part 2, where we’ll take a look at finding family history in the WHRC collections.

Remember to check back next month for more stories from GFWC history (and present)! To learn more about the WHRC collections, visit the WHRC page or contact us at whrc@gfwc.org.

Joanna Church is the Women’s History and Resource Center Librarian at GFWC Headquarters in Washington, DC. She oversees the WHRC collection, handles research requests, and loves sharing our unique resources with fellow lovers of women’s history.

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WHRC: From the Archives

Cooking for the Community

By: Joanna Church, Women’s History and Resource Center Librarian

Welcome back to the GFWC Women’s History and Resource Center blog! This month, as we get ready for the holiday season, the spotlight falls on our collection of club-produced cookbooks.

American “community cookbooks” trace their history back to the Civil War, when Maria J. Moss compiled A Poetical Cook-book as a fundraiser for the US Sanitary Commission in 1864. Since then, women’s organizations from all walks of life have created their own cookbooks to raise money, preserve favorite recipes, and make their mark on their communities.

Women’s clubs have happily participated in this endeavor, and the WHRC holds a sampling of club cookbooks from the 1920s through today. Let’s take a quick tour through this delightful collection!

“Mrs. Thomas Gillice, President, 3rd District, Illinois Federation, prepares a cake from a recipe in the GFWC Cookbook, ‘America Cooks,’ published by Putnam and Sons,” from the October 1968 issue of “Clubwoman.” America Cooks (1968) is just one of several cookbooks GFWC has compiled to represent our many members, in the US and across the globe; others include A Cook’s Tour (1957), International Potpourri (1977), The Centennial Cookbook (1988), and American Buffet (1993).

Because we are an international organization, the GFWC cookbook collection has a broad scope. There is a lot of overlap, of course; just about every book includes recipes for standard fare like turkey, green beans, biscuits, and fruit pies. But there are regional specialties galore; “Crab Soup, Eastern Shore Style” (Mrs. Flo Berton of Maryland) and “Alaska King Crab Meat Souffle” (Mildred Hamill of Alaska) can be found in their clubs’ respective books, for example. The GFWC-produced A Cook’s Tour (1957) features delicacies from across the US and beyond, with recipes for “Bizcocho de Batata ‘Borinquen’” (Mrs. Carmen Aboy Valldejulli, Club Civico de Damas de Puerto Rico), “Ozark pudding” (Mrs. Joseph W. Cushing, President, Missouri Federation of Women’s Clubs) and “Latvian Stroganoff” (Mrs. Ellija Druva, President, Representatives of Latvians’ Baltic Women’s Council).

Recipe for Sweet Potato Cake (Bizcocho de Batata “Borinquen”), submitted by Mrs. Carmen Aboy Valldejulli, Club Civico de Damas de Puerto Rico. From A Cook’s Tour With the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, 1957.
From the Out of This World Cook Book, 1973. Gift of GFWC Cocoa Beach Woman’s Club, 1986.

Some local cookbooks really lean into the neighborhood theme, like the two editions of GFWC Cocoa Beach Woman’s Club’s Out of This World Cook Book (1973 and 1985) that celebrate the club’s proximity to the “space coast” of Florida. Here is a recipe submitted by Jane DuBose Conrad, wife of astronaut Charles “Pete” Conrad Jr., in the “Satellite Salads” section of the 1973 edition. Like most community cookbooks, this was a fundraiser; proceeds went “towards the building, the furnishing, and the maintenance of the Space Coast Community Center at Cocoa Beach.”

A glance through any given cookbook will tell us a lot about the era in which it was written: what ingredients were available, what cultures were represented in the community, what kinds of events were being held, and more. Just a few of the recipes that provide a window to the time in which they were written include “hogs’ head cheese,” from a late 19th century Texas cookbook; “Mah Jong Mix” for the snacking needs of 12 -14 of your club friends, from the 1930 Ames Woman’s Club Cook Book; and many dishes that make good use of the latest development in food technology, from refrigerators and electric ovens to pressure cookers and microwaves.

A recipe from the “Microwave Oven” section of the Ladies’ Literary Club Centennial Cookbook (Grand Rapids, Michigan), 1988. Gift of John Clasby on behalf of the Ladies Literary Club of Grand Rapids, 1990.
“Burnt Caramel Cake,” contributed to The Club Woman’s Cook Book, 1928, by future GFWC President Roberta Campbell Lawson (1935-1938). This cookbook was compiled by Mary Davenport Bonner, a member of clubs in both Tyler, Texas and Chautauqua, New York, and it includes a wide variety of GFWC leaders from across the country as well as members of her clubs (and at least one “Hollywood actress”). Gift of Sallie Holder.

When you look at the cookbooks with an eye toward the contributors themselves, you gain even more insight into time, place, and club culture. Recipes submitted by GFWC Presidents – past, present, and future – are often featured, even if they’re not from the state or region represented. Local and national elected officials (and their wives) can be found in books from every era. My favorite discoveries come from two ends of the “famous contributor” spectrum: “Catherine Mallon, Actress, Hollywood, California” submitted a recipe for chess cake to The Club Woman’s Cook Book (1928), and “Nora Roberts, Author for Silhouette Romances” provided a bread pudding recipe for The Chesapeake Collection (1983). While Roberts went on to be a household name, Mallon’s Hollywood career was not so successful; it doesn’t appear that she ever achieved a credited film role.

A page of pies from the Pawhuska Woman’s Club cookbook, first printed in 1925. Gift of Dori Kelsey, 2023.

Since Thanksgiving is coming up, this blog post would not be complete without at least one example of my favorite holiday dish: apple pie. I make an apple pie every year, using a recipe from the Better Homes and Gardens red gingham cookbook circa 1998 (because my mom had the BH&G red gingham cookbook from the 1970s, and probably her mother had the previous generation as well)… but maybe I’ll try something new this year, from something in the Archives.

Have you made anything from a GFWC-related cookbook? Have you contributed one of your favorites to a club’s cookbook project? (And does your club have a cookbook, whether vintage or recent, that we should add to the WHRC collection?) Let us know in the comments!

Read more about the history of community cookbooks here:

Community Cookbooks and the Women Who Wrote Them (JSTOR)

Community Cookbook Collections to Inspire Your Next Meal (Boston Public Library)

Before Food Blogs: the Community Cookbooks (Denver Public Library)

Remember to check back next month for more stories from GFWC history (and present)! To learn more about the WHRC collections, visit the WHRC page or contact us at whrc@gfwc.org.

Joanna Church is the Women’s History and Resource Center Librarian at GFWC Headquarters in Washington, DC. She oversees the WHRC collection, handles research requests, and loves sharing our unique resources with fellow lovers of women’s history.

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Four of the Overseas Unit members, 1920

WHRC: From the Archives

Freddie Hilp and the GFWC Overseas Unit

By: Joanna Church, Women’s History and Resource Center Librarian

Welcome back to our new monthly blog series, direct from the GFWC Women’s History and Resource Center! Here, we’ll highlight stories of General Federation history, pulled from our unique archival, photograph, and artifact collections. Check back on the first Thursday of each month for a new post.

During World War I, the General Federation of Women’s Clubs formed a War Victory Commission to identify projects and raise funds to support the war effort. One major area of concern was the need for wholesome recreation opportunities for U.S. servicemen, especially after the November 1918 Armistice when troops waited many months for transportation home. Organizations like the American Red Cross, the YMCA and YWCA, the American Library Association, and the Jewish Welfare Board worked together to supply refreshment, recreation, and entertainment to the American Expeditionary Forces; GFWC joined in by recruiting several dozen women from across the country for a new “GFWC Unit for Overseas Service.” These women were assigned canteen duty in France, Belgium, and Germany: serving refreshments, hosting dances, and boosting morale.

Four of the Overseas Unit members, 1920

GFWC Overseas Unit members, 1920. Their YMCA uniforms are embellished with “General Federation of Women’s Clubs” armbands. (See full photograph at bottom of this post.)


The GFWC Overseas Unit members were not necessarily clubwomen themselves, but we expected these “Daughters of the Federation” to represent our organization while in Europe. GFWC President Ione Cowles entreated them “to exemplify for us the fine spirit of consecrated American womanhood,” helping to remind the troops of what they had fought for and who was waiting for them (mothers, wives, sweethearts) at home.

In a report to the Federation in 1920, Unit member Hallie Jamieson described the “love and ideals of the womanhood of America” that GFWC sent abroad with the Unit. She also claimed to have heard soldiers respond positively (if, at first, with confusion) upon reading her GFWC armband. Click here to read the full Overseas Unit Report from the 1920 Biennial Convention.

After the war, we invited members of the Unit to attend the 1920 GFWC Biennial convention in Des Moines, in order to give them a specially-designed “decoration”: an ornate gold pin, engraved with each woman’s name. (We also very much wanted to bring these women into the GFWC fold and encourage them to join their local women’s clubs, but it’s unclear if that effort was particularly successful.) Unfortunately, GFWC’s record-keeping in this era trended toward finished reports rather than working papers; thus, we didn’t have many details about the Unit other than what was recorded in convention records and the GFWC magazine.

In the 2000s this lack of detail was greatly improved, thanks to the donation of 263 photographs taken by Unit member Freddie Hilp.

Freddie Hilp with camera, 1919



29 year old Blanche Frederika “Freddie” Hilp was working for
the Nevada State Council of Defense when she learned of the GFWC Overseas Unit opportunity. She applied through the Nevada Federation of Women’s Clubs, was accepted, and ended up assigned to one of the YMCA’s “rolling canteens.” From March to July 1919, she drove around the French countryside with chocolate, lemonade, and other goodies, delivering comfort to troops who couldn’t travel to a stationary canteen.

Freddie Hilp, in uniform and holding her camera, on a beach in France, 1919.

Snapshots of Freddie Hilp's vehicles, 1919

During her trip, Freddie drove or rode in at least two different canteen vehicles, probably decommissioned ambulances, which she nicknamed Daisy and Faith. Left: “Daisy, myself & Paul April 14-1919” Right: “‘Faith’ – in Albert. June 20 1919″

Snapshots taken by Freddie Hilp, 1919



Fortunately for us, Freddie brought along her camera. She snapped photos of new friends; of the servicemen she and her colleagues encountered; of historic sites and French residents; of working days, and time off for fun.

Top left: “Entraining 77th Division” Top right: “Forwarding Camp – 21st Eng” Bottom left: Parame – France. Miss Carlson [?], me, [unnamed], Luckie” Bottom right: General Pershing visited the camp on “June 2 1919”

Freddie also documented the devastation wrought by the war. Amidst her cheerful snapshots are poignant photos of ruined towns, blighted landscapes, barbed wire, and newly-dug cemeteries.

Snapshots taken by Freddie Hilp, 1919

Top left: “Barbed wire – no man’s land. June 25 1919″ Bottom left: “Belleau Woods – 500 crosses. June 27 1919″ Right: “Montfaucon. June 29 1919″

Freddie Hilp’s tour of duty lasted only a few months, but the experience was a life-changing one. In Europe she met a serviceman from Illinois named William F. Gliessman. They married in 1920, and moved to her native state of Nevada; their only surviving child, Lester Hilp Gliessman, was born in 1921. Sadly, Freddie died of ovarian cancer in 1929, just a few weeks short of her 40th birthday.


In 2004, Lester Gliessman’s daughter, Leslie Holt, offered the WHRC her grandmother’s photo collection, opening up for us an amazing window into GFWC’s wartime work. A few years later a collector donated an Overseas Service pin owned by Martelle Thomas of Florda, adding another piece to the puzzle; up to that point we knew there had been a pin, but we didn’t know what it looked like. And just a few months ago, our own GFWC President-Elect Wendy Carriker won an eBay auction for another Overseas Pin.

Front and back of Freddie Hilp's Overseas Unit pin

I am not embarrassed to admit that when Wendy described her successful bid and said “I think the name on the back was something like Freddie…?” I literally jumped up and down with excitement. It turns out that Leslie Holt died in 2017; her widower, not aware of the connection to Leslie’s earlier donation, put this piece from her collection up for sale. The muse of history was looking out for us, and Wendy spotted the auction. When she told Mr. Holt she would be donating the pin to the WHRC to join Leslie’s earlier donation, he said she would have been so glad to know that her grandmother’s story was of such importance to us.

GFWC Overseas Unit alumnae, 1920

Group photo of the Overseas Unit women who attended the General Federation of Women’s Clubs Biennial Convention in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1920. Though the women are not identified, I think that Freddie is standing in the front row, seventh from left (in the detail view used earlier, she’s third from the left).

A huge thank you to Leslie and Rick Holt for sharing Freddie’s story with us; Wendy Carriker, for keeping an eagle eye on GFWC-related auctions; and Morgan Davis, who cataloged the 263 photos shortly after their donation.

Remember to check back next month for more stories from GFWC history (and present)! To learn more about the WHRC collections, visit the WHRC page or contact us at whrc@gfwc.org.

Joanna Church is the Women’s History and Resource Center Librarian at GFWC Headquarters in Washington, DC. She oversees the WHRC collection, handles research requests, and loves sharing our unique resources with fellow lovers of women’s history.

Learn More about the WHRC

The Women’s History and Resource Center

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